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Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844'' (also referred to as ''The Paris Manuscripts'')〔(ドイツ語:Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844) or ''ドイツ語:Pariser Manuskripte''.〕 are a series of notes written between April and August 1844 by Karl Marx. Not published by Marx during his lifetime, they were first released in 1927 by researchers in the Soviet Union.
==Context==
The notebooks are an early expression of Marx's analysis of economics, chiefly Adam Smith, and critique of the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel. The notebooks cover a wide range of topics including private property, communism, and money. They are best known for their early expression of Marx's argument that the conditions of modern industrial societies result in the estrangement (or alienation) of wage-workers from their own life activity/work.
Because the 1844 manuscripts show Marx's thought at the time of its early genesis, their publication, in English not until 1959,〔Tedman, Gary. (2004) "Marx's 1844 manuscripts as a work of art: A hypertextual reinterpretation." ''Rethinking Marxism'' 16.4: 427-441.〕 has profoundly affected recent scholarship on Marx and Marxism, particularly regarding the relation of Marxism to earlier work in German Idealism. The young Marx had been relatively ignored until recently, because his early works were considered more "philosophical" and by some as not "scientific" enough, that is, "economic" as in ''Das Kapital''. However, Marxist humanists regard this book as one of the most important texts by Marx and crucial for understanding his entire thought, and Marxians also refer to it. Notwithstanding, recently interpretations have been made of the same text from a non or anti humanist standpoint, such as by Gary Tedman (see notes); this research takes into account the unusual layout design and pagination Marx employed when he constructed his original manuscript documents, Tedman's research followed the investigations into the physical manuscript by Margaret Fay (see notes).
In the first manuscript in which there are extensive quotes on economics from Adam Smith,〔Fay, Margaret, "The Influence of Adam Smith on Marx's Theory of Alienation", Science & Society Vol. 47, No. 2 (Summer, 1983), pp. 129-151, S&S Quarterly, Inc.〕 Marx exposes his theory of alienation, which he adapted (not without changes) from Feuerbach's ''The Essence of Christianity'' (1841). He explains how, under capitalism, more and more people rely on "labour" to live. That is, before people could rely in part on Nature itself for its "natural needs"; in modern society, if one wants to eat, one must work: it is only through money that one may survive. Thus, if the alienation of the worker consists in being a "slave toward its object", the worker is doubly alienated: "first, he receives an object of labour, that is he finds work (one says: 'I finally found work!' ), and second, he receives means of subsistence. He thereby owes it (labour ) the possibility to exist first as a worker, second as a physical subject. The last straw of this servitude (serfdom ) is that it is only his quality as a worker that permits him to continue to conserve himself as a physical subject, and it is only as a physical subject that he can be a worker". In other words, the worker relies on labour to gain money to be able to live; but he doesn't simply live, he actually only survives, as a worker. Labour is only used to create more wealth, instead of achieving the fulfillment of "human nature". This intervention of the concept of "human nature" has also been one of the long-standing contentious factors in this text's existence, as it seemed too "humanist" and therefore akin to bourgeois humanist philosophy (in a literal sense: a philosophy founded on the ''bourgeois'' rights of Man proclaimed in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen), perhaps like Rousseau. See Louis Althusser 〔"(Marxism and Humanism )", in Althusser, Louis, ''For Marx'', (2006) Verso Books ISBN 978-1844670529.〕
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